| Arbëresh | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Arbërisht(e) | ||||
| Pronunciation | [ˌæɾbəˈɾiʃt] | |||
| Spoken in | Italy | |||
| Region | Apulia, Basilicata, Calabria, Molise, Sicily | |||
| Native speakers | 80,000 (out of an ethnic population of 260,000) [1] (date missing) | |||
| Language family | ||||
| Writing system | Latin | |||
| Language codes | ||||
| ISO 639-3 | aae | |||
| Linguasphere | 55-AAA-aha to 55-AAA-ahe | |||
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Arbëreshë, also known as Arbërisht, is an ethnolect spoken by the Arbëreshë, the group of Albanian-speaking minorities in Italy.
Contents |
Arbëresh derives from the Tosk dialect spoken in southern Albania, and is spoken in Southern Italy in the regions of Calabria, Molise, Puglia, Basilicata, Campania, Abruzzi, and Sicily. All dialects are closely related to each other but are not entirely mutually intelligible.
The Arbëresh language retains many archaisms of medieval Albanian from the pre-Ottoman invasion of Albania in the 15th century. It also retains Greek language elements, including vocabulary and pronunciation. It has also preserved some conservative features that were lost in mainstream Albanian Tosk. For example, it has preserved certain syllable-initial consonant clusters which have been simplified in Standard Albanian (cf. Arbërisht gluhë /ˈɡluxə/ ('language/tongue'), vs. Standard Albanian gjuhë /ˈɟuhə/). It sounds more archaic than Standard Albanian.
Arbërisht was commonly called 'Albanese' (Albanian in the Italian language) in Italy until the 1990s. Until recently, Arbërisht speakers had only very imprecise notions about how related or unrelated their language was to Albanian. Until the 1980s Arbërisht was exclusively a spoken language, except for its written form used in the Italo-Albanian Catholic Church, and Arbëreshë people had no practical affiliation with the Standard Albanian language used in Albania, as they did not use this form in writing or in media. When a large number of immigrants from Albania began to enter Italy in the 1990s and came into contact with local Arbëreshë communities, the differences and similarities were for the first time made known. There are mixed feelings towards the "new Albanians".[1]
Since the 1980s, some efforts have been organized to preserve the cultural and linguistic heritage of the language.
Arbërisht has been under a slow decline in recent decades, but is currently experiencing a revival in many villages in Italy. Figures such as Zef Skirò Di Maxho have done much work on school books and other language learning tools in the language, producing two books 'Udha e Mbarë' and 'Udhëtimi', both used in schools in the village of Piana degli Albanesi.
While the relation between Arbërisht and Shqip is close, the two are not 100% mutually intelligible and there are many false friends, for example:
| Arbërisht | Meaning | Shqip | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| shërbenj | work | shërbej | serve |
| punonj | work in the fields | punoj | work |
| u nëngë jam | I am not | unë jam | I am |
| kopíl | young man | kopil | illegitimate boy |
| brekë | trousers | brekë | underpants |
| brumë | pasta | brumë | dough |
| zienj | cook | ziej | boil |
| fund | anus | fund | end |
Vaccarizzo Albanian is a variety of the Arbëresh language. Spoken in the villages of Vaccarizzo Albanese and San Giorgio Albanese in Calabria by approximately 3,000 people. Vaccarizzo Albanian has retained many archaic features of both Gheg and Tosk dialects.
Some features of Arbërisht distinguish it considerably from standard Albanian. In some cases these are retentions of older pronunciations.
The letter "Ë" is pronounced as either a schwa [ə] or as a near-close near-back vowel [ʊ̜]. So the word "Arbëresh" is pronounced either [ɑɾbəˈɾɛʃ] or [ɑɾbʊ̜ˈɾɛʃ] depending on the dialect.
Arbërisht lacks the close front rounded vowel [y] of Albanian, which is replaced by the close front unrounded vowel [i]. For example "ty" ('you') becomes "ti", "hyni" ('enter') becomes "hini".
The letter "GJ" is pronounced as a palatalized voiced velar plosive [ɡʲ] rather than a voiced palatal plosive [ɟ] as in Albanian. Therefore, the word "gjith" ('all') is pronounced [ɡʲiθ] rather than [ɟiθ].
In some words, Albanian "GJ", Arbëresh has preserved the consonant cluster "GL"; e.g. "glet" not "gjet" ('s/he looks like...').
The letter "H" is pronounced as a voiceless velar fricative [x] (a sound also found in Greek: "χαρά" [xaˈra], 'joy'). As such, the Albanian word "ha" ('eat') is pronounced [xɑ], not [hɑ] as in Albanian.
Arbëresh has a palatalized palatalized voiceless velar fricative, [xʲ]. Therefore, the word "hjedh" ('throw') is pronounced [xʲɛθ]. The letter combination HJ is present in a few Albanian words (without a voiceless velar fricative), but is not treated as a separate letter of the alphabet as it is in Arbëresh.
The letter "LL" is pronounced as a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] (also found in Greek: "γάλα" [ˈɣala], 'milk'). As such, the Albanian word "llah" ('to eat until stuffed') is pronounced [ɣɑx], not [ɫɑh] as in Albanian.
The letter "Q" is pronounced as a palatalized voiceless velar plosive [kʲ] rather than a voiceless palatal plosive [c] as in Albanian. Therefore, the word "qiell" ('heaven') is pronounced [kʲiɛx] rather than [ciɛɫ] and the word "shqip" ('eagle') is pronounced [ʃkʲɪp].
Arbërisht has preserved the consonant cluster "KL" e.g. "klumësht" not "qumësht" ('milk') or "klisha" instead of "qisha" ('church').
In contrast with standard Albanian Arbëresh has retained an archaic sysytem of pronouncing consonants in their final positions. The consonants that change when in final position or before another consonant are: b, d, dh, g, gj, ll, v, x, xh, z, zh.
devoices to P: e.g. 'thelb' (clove) - 'thelp.'
devoices to T: e.g. 'vend' (place) - 'vent.'
devoices to TH: e.g. 'zgledh' (read) - 'zgleth.'
devoices to K: e.g. 'lig' (bad) - 'lik.'
devoices to Q: 'zogj' (chicks) - 'zoq.'
voices to HJ: 'vaj' (oil) - 'vahj.'
devoices to H: 'uthull' (vinegar) - 'uthuh.'
devoices to C: 'ndanx' (near) - 'ndanc.'
devoices to S: 'loz' (dance) - 'los.'
devoices to SH: 'gozhda' (pin) - 'goshda.'
The letter G is usually pronounced as a voiced velar fricative [ɣ] as in the pronunciation of the Arbëresh letter 'll', this sound is often represented by the letters 'GH' in the Arbëresh orthography.
For example:
is pronounced (ɣajður)
is pronounced (ɣriʃ)
In Arbëresh the first person present indicative (e.g. "I work") is marked by the word ending in "NJ", whereas in Albanian this is normally marked by "J". So, 'I live' is "rrónj" in Arbëresh and "rroj" in Albanian.
Stress in Arbëresh is usually on the penultimate syllable, as in Italian.
Many Arbëresh words appear to be cognate with their corresponding Greek words that have either been lost in standard Albanian or are a result of Greek influence on the Arbëresh language via the Byzantine church or their proximity to Greek-speaking populations in their original villages in Albania.
Examples:
Alongside the Greek component in Arbëresh, there is a considerable vocabulary derived from Sicilian and other southern italian dialacts. Many of these words have retained their original meanings where Sicilian has given way to Italian in everyday speech amongst the non-Arbëresh Sicilian people.
Examples:
There is divided opinion amongst the Arbëresh people regarding the supposed purity of the Arbëresh language, some seek to purify it of its Sicilian or other non-Albanian elements, whilst others consider this element to be authentic and representative of actual spoken Arbëresh as a living language and not a 16th century relic of old Albanian, much in the same way as the Sicilian element is authentic to the Maltese language.
Alongside the Sicilian vocabulary element in Arbëresh, the language also includes grammatical rules for the inclusion of Sicilian-derived verbs in Arbëresh.
Examples:
In the past tense this conjugates as follows:
There are many instances in which Arberisht differs greatly from Standard Albanian, for instance:
| Arbërisht | Shqip | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| Vjen më rarë or vjen më thënë | do të thotë or do me thënë | It means |
| Bëjëm të shkonj or mënd e më shkosh | më le të kaloj | Let me pass |
| Shkòmë musturin | më jep piperin | Pass me the pepper |
| Zotërote ë një zot? | Zotrote jeni një prift? | Are you a priest? |
| E ghrish zotërisë satë pë' një pasijatë | ju ftoj për një shëtitje | I invite you for a stroll |
| Zglith mirë | lexoni mirë | Read well |
| Qëroi isht burinë i lig | moti është shumë keq | The weather is very bad |
| Rri Sëndastinë | jetoj në Sëndastinë | I live in Santa Cristina |
| Ka bëjëm të ngrënit | do të bëjmë gatuar ushqimi | We will prepare the food |
| U ka jecur deri qaca | unë kam ecur deri sheshi | I have walked to the square |
| Ghajdhuri isht ghrishur ndë horën | gomari është ftuar në fshatin | The donkey is invited into the village |
| Nani jam e vete ngulem/flë | tani unë do të fle | I'm going to sleep now |
| Lyp ndjesë se zgarrarta shumë | më fal se gabova shumë | I'm sorry that I've made so many errors |
| Ajo isht të shoqjën time | ajo është gruaja time | She is my wife |
| Flit tarbrisht | flit shqip | Speak Albanian! |
| I shoqi jim isht ngulur | im shoq është duke fjetur | My husband is sleeping |
| Më përqen rritëratën tënë | më pëlqen fotografijën tonë | I like our photograph |
| Mortatë or motrëmëmë | hallë or tejze | Aunt |
| Lalë or vovi | xhaxha or Lalë (dialect) | Uncle or Older brother |
| Lalëbukuri | Uncle by marriage | |
| Vova | motra e madhe | Older sister |
| Tata | baba or Tata (dialect) | Father |
| Mëmë | mëmë | Mother |
| Mëdhema | edhe | Also |
| Vëllai or Lluai | vëllai | brother |
| Ndrëngonj | Kuptoj | understand |
| Sprasmja | Fundi | end |
| Fundi | Bythi | buttocks |
| Jotëm sempri të thëshjë çë mos hash nga tajuri çë ngë ka klënë pastruam! | Nëna jote gjithmonë thëshjë se mos ha nga pjata që nuk ka qënë pastruar | Your mother always said don't eat from plates that haven't been cleaned! |
Compared with Standard Tosk Albanian (second row),
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There are many elements of Arberesh grammar that differ considerably from Albanian, for example:
| Arbërisht | Shqip | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ka shkosh | do kalosh | You will pass (by) |
| flini alluras/anangasu | folni se shpejt | Speak soon (pl.) |
| flëni | flini | Sleep! (pl.) |
| bëjëm të shkonj | më le të kaloj | Let me pass |
| u ka vajtur | unë kam shkuar | I have gone |
| ti ke gjegjur | ti ke degjuar | You have heard |
| jam e zgledh/djavosëm | unë po lexoj | I am reading |
| zoti zën fill parkalesiën | prifti fillon lutën | The priest starts the prayers |
| ish stisur | ishtë ndërtuar | It was built |
The name Arbërishte is derived from the ethnonym "Albanoi", which in turn comes from the toponym "Arbëria" (Greek: Άρβανα), which in the Middle Ages referred to a region in what is today Albania (Babiniotis 1998). Its native equivalents (Arbërorë, Arbëreshë and others) formerly were the self-designation of Albanians in general. Both "Arbëria" and "Albania/Albanian" go further back to name forms attested since antiquity.
Within the Arbëresh communit the language is often referred to as "Tarbrisht" or "Gjegje." It is not known why the term "gjegje" is used, however, this does mean "listen" in Arbërisht.
Every Arbëresh person is given a legal Italian name and also a name in Arbërisht. Quite often the Arbëresh name is merely a translation of the Italian name. Arbëresh surnames are also used amongst villagers but do not carry any legal weight; the Arbëresh surname is called an "ofiqe" in Arbërisht. Some Arberesh 'ofiqe' are 'Butijuni', 'Pafundi' (literally 'without anus'), 'Skarpari' (shoemaker from Italian word 'scarpa'), 'Mutjari' etc.
Examples of Italian names and their Arbëresh equivalents:
| Italian | Arbëresh |
|---|---|
| Giuseppe | Zef |
| Marco | Marku |
| Luca | Lekë |
| Gabriele | Bjelli |
| Francesco | Nxhiku |
| Nicola | Koll |
| Angela | Nxholliqe |
| Alessandro | Lishëndri |
| Mario | Marjucë |
| Maria | Marieja |
| Gaetano | Tani |
| Eleuterio | Lëfteri |
| Antonio | Ndon |
| Gaspare | Ghaspani |
| Domenica | Mima |
| Lorenzo | Lloreu |
| Giovanni | Janj, Xhuan |
| Demetrio | Mitri |
| Spiridione | Dhoni |
| Rosalia | Sallja |
| Tommaso | Masinë |
| Cosimo | Gësmëni |
| Saverio | Shaverë |
| Andrea | Ndrica |
Italo-Arbërisht is descended from Arvanitika, which is the eldest sub-dialect of Arbërisht, part of the Tosk dialect group of Albanian.[2] It was to Thesprotia, which is today northern Greece, Tzameria and Epirus, and subsequently taken to Italy from there. Italo-Arbërisht has retained some words identical to Greek words dhrom 'road', from δρόμος; Ne 'yes', from ναι, in the village of Greci. Italo-Arbërisht and Greco-Arbërisht have a mutually intelligible vocabulary base, the unintelligible elements of the two dialects stem from the usage of Italian or Greek modernisms in the absence of native ones.
Spoken Arbërisht is internally richly diversified into sub-dialects, and no further standardization towards a common (spoken or written) Standard Arbërisht has taken place. At the same time, Arbërisht speakers do not use Standard Albanian as their standard language either, as they are generally not literate in the standard Albanian orthography, and are not reported to use spoken-language media in Standard Albanian. In this sense, then, Arbërisht is not functionally subordinated to Standard Albanian as a dachsprache ("roof language"), in the way dialects of a national language within the same country usually are.
The language is not usually written outside of the church and a few highly educated families, but officials are now using the standard Albanian alphabet, which is used on street signs in the villages as well as taught in schools.
| Personal pronouns | Possessive pronouns | |||
| 1Sg. | u | I | jim | mine |
| 2Sg. | ti | you | jytë | yours |
| 3Sg.m. | aji | he | i/e tíj | his |
| 3Sg.f. | ajo | she | i/e saj | hers |
| 1Pl. | na | we | jynë | ours |
| 2Pl. | ju | you | juaj | yours |
| 3Pl.m. | ata | they (m.) | atyre | theirs (m.) |
| 3Pl.f. | ato | they (f.) | atyre | theirs (f.) |
Arberesh verbs often differ, somewhat drastically, from their Standard Albanian counterparts.
| Personal moods | ||||||||
| Mood | Tense | Number and person | English equivalent (only sg. 1st) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Plural | |||||||
| 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |||
| Indicative | Pluperfect | kisha burë | kishe burë | kishë burë | kishëm burë | kishni burë | kishin burë | I had done |
| Imperfect | ish'e buja (she buja) | ish'e buje (she buje) | ish'e bun (she bun) | ishm'e bujëm | ishn'e buni | ishn'e bujën | I was doing | |
| Compound perfect | bura | bure | burë | burëm | burën | burën | I did | |
| Simple perfect | ka burë | ka burë | ka burë | ka burë | ka burë | ka burë | I have done | |
| Present | bunj | bun | bun | bujëm | buni | bujën | I do, I am doing | |
| Future | ka bunj | ka bun | ka bun | ka bujëm | ka buni | ka bujën | I will do | |
| Future (popular, 1) | am să fac | ai să faci | are să facă | avem să facem | aveţi să faceţi | au să facă | I'll do | |
| Present | să fac | să faci | să facă | să facem | să faceţi | să facă | that I do, to do | |
| Imperative | Present | – | buje! | – | – | buni! | – | do! (2nd person only) |
| Non-personal moods | |||
| Mood | Tense | Verb forms | English equivalent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Present | të bunj | to do | |
| Gerund | – | jam e bunj | doing |
| The verb HAVE | The verb BE | |||||||
| Pres. | Imperf. | Subj.Impf. | Subj.Perf. | Pres. | Imperf. | Subj.Impf. | Subj.Perf. | |
| 1Sg. | kam | keshë | të kem | të keshë | jam | jeshë | të jem | të jeshë |
| 2Sg. | ke | keshe | të kesh | të keshe | je | jeshe | të jesh | të jëshe |
| 3Sg. | ka | kish | të ket | të kish | ishtë, është | ish | të jet | të ish |
| 1Pl. | kemi | keshëm | të kemi | te keshëm | jemi | jeshëm | të jeshëm | të jeshëm |
| 2Pl. | kini | keshëtë | të kini | te keshëtë | jini | jeshëtë | të jeshëtë | të jeshëtë |
| 3Pl, | kanë | kishnë | të kenë | të kishnë | janë | ishnë | të jenë | të ishnë |
| Falem | Hello. |
| Çë bën? Si rri? | What are you doing? How are you? |
| Jam shumë mirë | I am very well |
| Zotrote e haristis, jini mirë? | Thank you, and are you well? |
| O, jam edhe mirë? | Yes, I'm fine too. |
| Zotrote flini arbërisht? | Do you speak Arbërisht? |
| Ka vjen? | Where are you from? |
| Jam gjymsë arbëresh | I'm half Arbëresh |
| Mëma jime isht lëtire | My mother is Italian |
| Ju parkales | Please |
| Gëzonem të ju njoh | Pleased to meet you |
| Mirë menatë | Good morning |
| Shihemi | See you soon |
| Gjegjemi alluras | We'll speak soon |
| Si thërritet? | What's your name? |
| Mua më thonë Marieja | My name is Maria |
| Ëj/o | Yes |
| Ara/ëj | Yes (Santa Cristina Gela) |
| Ora/ëj | Yes (Contessa Entellina) |
| Jo | No |
Shërbesa e Kurorës - The Arbëresh Marriage Ceremony
Zoti : Gjergj, do ti të marrëshë për grua Lina çë ke këtú te ana, si urdhuron Klisha Shejte, e të qëndrosh lidhur me atë në të mirën si edhé në të ligën gjithë ditët e gjellës tënde?
Priest: Do you Gjergj want to take as your legitimate wife Lina who is present here according to the instructions of the Holy Church and to be faithful through the good and the bad all of your life?
Dhëndërri: O, e dua!
Groom: Yes, I do want that!
Zoti: Bekuar kloft Perëndia jínë ka herë, naní e për gjithëmonë e për jetë të jetëvet.
Priest: blessed be our God for all time, now and always in the centuries of centuries.
Populli: Amín.
People: Amen.
Zoti: Në paqe parkalesjëm t'ën Zonë.
Priest: In peace we pray to the Lord.
Populli: Lipisí, o i Madh'yn'Zot.
People: Our Great God, we beseech you.
Bekimi të unazavet
Zoti: Me këtë unazë shërbëtori i Perëndis Gjergj lidhet me shërbëtorën e Perëndis Lina në embër të Atit, të Birit e të Shpirtit Shejt.
Priest: The servant of God Gjergj is tied to the servant of God Lina, in the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit.
Zoti jepë krinjët e këndon Msalmin 127: Të limë atá çë i trëmben t'ynë Zoti e çë jecjën te udhët e Tij.
the priest delivers the candles and intones Psalm 127 Make happy those who fear the Lord and may they walk in His ways.
Lëvdi tij, o i madh'yn'Zot, lëvdi tij. Dhóksa si, o Theós imón, dhóksa si Glory to you, our God, glory to you.
Se ti ka hashë bukën e shërbëtyrës s'duarvet tote. Lumë ti e fatbardhë ka jeshë. Jotë shoqe ka jet si dhri me pemë te muret e shpis tënde. Bijët tatë si degë ullinjësh rrethë triesës tënde. Shi këstú ka jet bekuar njeriu çë ka trëmbësirën e Perëndisë.
That you will eat the bread of the work of your hands. You will be happy and enjoy all that is good. See your wife as a fertile vine in the intimacy of your home. That your daughters will be like olive branches around your table. That those who fear the Lord will be blessed.
| No. | English | Arberesh Arbërisht, T'arbërisht |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | u |
| 2 | you (singular) | ti |
| 3 | he | aj, ajo |
| 4 | we | na, ne |
| 5 | you (plural) | ju |
| 6 | they | ata, ato |
| 7 | this | ky, kjo |
| 8 | that | aj, ajo |
| 9 | here | këtu |
| 10 | there | atì, atje |
| 11 | who | kush |
| 12 | what | çë |
| 13 | where | ku |
| 14 | when | kur |
| 15 | how | si |
| 16 | not | nëngë |
| 17 | all | gjithë |
| 18 | many | shumë, burinë |
| 19 | some | ca |
| 20 | few | |
| 21 | other | jetër |
| 22 | one | një |
| 23 | two | di |
| 24 | three | tri, tre |
| 25 | four | kartë |
| 26 | five | pesë |
| 27 | big | i math, e madhe |
| 28 | long | i, e glatë |
| 29 | wide | i, e trash |
| 30 | thick | |
| 31 | heavy | i rënt, e rëndë |
| 32 | small | i, e vogël |
| 33 | short | i, e shkurtur |
| 34 | narrow | |
| 35 | thin | i hoh, e hollë |
| 36 | woman | grua |
| 37 | man (adult male) | burrë |
| 38 | man (human being) | njeri |
| 39 | child | fëmijë |
| 40 | wife | shoqja |
| 41 | husband | shoqi |
| 42 | mother | mëma |
| 43 | father | tata |
| 44 | animal | animall |
| 45 | fish | pishk |
| 46 | bird | zok |
| 47 | dog | kjen |
| 48 | louse | |
| 49 | snake | |
| 50 | worm | |
| 51 | tree | |
| 52 | forest | |
| 53 | stick | |
| 54 | fruit | |
| 55 | seed | |
| 56 | leaf | |
| 57 | root | |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | |
| 59 | flower | lule |
| 60 | grass | |
| 61 | rope | |
| 62 | skin | |
| 63 | meat | mish |
| 64 | blood | gjak |
| 65 | bone | asht |
| 66 | fat (noun) | |
| 67 | egg | ves |
| 68 | horn | |
| 69 | tail | |
| 70 | feather | |
| 71 | hair | kripë |
| 72 | head | krie |
| 73 | ear | vesh |
| 74 | eye | si |
| 75 | nose | |
| 76 | mouth | |
| 77 | tooth | |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | gluhë |
| 79 | fingernail | |
| 80 | foot | këmp |
| 81 | leg | këmp |
| 82 | knee | gluri |
| 83 | hand | dorë |
| 84 | wing | krah |
| 85 | belly | bark |
| 86 | guts | |
| 87 | neck | |
| 88 | back | kurrdhuc |
| 89 | breast | |
| 90 | heart | zëmbër |
| 91 | liver | |
| 92 | to drink | pi |
| 93 | to eat | ha |
| 94 | to bite | |
| 95 | to suck | |
| 96 | to spit | |
| 97 | to vomit | |
| 98 | to blow | |
| 99 | to breathe | marr frim |
| 100 | to laugh | kjesh |
| 101 | to see | shoh |
| 102 | to hear | gjegjem |
| 103 | to know | di |
| 104 | to think | pincar |
| 105 | to smell | |
| 106 | to fear | |
| 107 | to sleep | flë |
| 108 | to live | rronj |
| 109 | to die | vdes |
| 110 | to kill | vras |
| 111 | to fight | |
| 112 | to hunt | |
| 113 | to hit | |
| 114 | to cut | |
| 115 | to split | |
| 116 | to stab | |
| 117 | to scratch | |
| 118 | to dig | |
| 119 | to swim | |
| 120 | to fly | |
| 121 | to walk | jec |
| 122 | to come | vinj |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | ngulem |
| 124 | to sit | ujem |
| 125 | to stand | |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | |
| 127 | to fall | bie |
| 128 | to give | jap |
| 129 | to hold | |
| 130 | to squeeze | |
| 131 | to rub | |
| 132 | to wash | lah |
| 133 | to wipe | |
| 134 | to pull | |
| 135 | to push | |
| 136 | to throw | |
| 137 | to tie | |
| 138 | to sew | |
| 139 | to count | |
| 140 | to say | them |
| 141 | to sing | këndonj |
| 142 | to play | los |
| 143 | to float | |
| 144 | to flow | |
| 145 | to freeze | |
| 146 | to swell | |
| 147 | sun | dieh |
| 148 | moon | hënxë |
| 149 | star | izë |
| 150 | water | ujë |
| 151 | rain | shi |
| 152 | river | lum |
| 153 | lake | ghaghu |
| 154 | sea | dejt |
| 155 | salt | krip |
| 156 | stone | gur |
| 157 | sand | |
| 158 | dust | |
| 159 | earth | dhe |
| 160 | cloud | |
| 161 | fog | |
| 162 | sky | kjieh |
| 163 | wind | erë |
| 164 | snow | sborë |
| 165 | ice | akuh |
| 166 | smoke | |
| 167 | fire | zjarr |
| 168 | ash | |
| 169 | to burn | djek |
| 170 | road | dhrom |
| 171 | mountain | mal |
| 172 | red | kukj |
| 173 | green | virdhi |
| 174 | yellow | |
| 175 | white | i barth, e bardhe |
| 176 | black | i zi, e zezë |
| 177 | night | natë |
| 178 | day | ditë |
| 179 | year | vit |
| 180 | warm | vap |
| 181 | cold | titim |
| 182 | full | plot |
| 183 | new | i ri, e re |
| 184 | old | i, e vjetrë |
| 185 | good | i,e mirë |
| 186 | bad | i, e lik |
| 187 | rotten | |
| 188 | dirty | |
| 189 | straight | dreqtë |
| 190 | round | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | |
| 193 | smooth | |
| 194 | wet | lagët |
| 195 | dry | |
| 196 | correct | dreqtë, gjushtu |
| 197 | near | dancë |
| 198 | far | gharghu |
| 199 | right | drejtë |
| 200 | left | shtrëmbra |
| 201 | at | te |
| 202 | in | në |
| 203 | with | me |
| 204 | and | e |
| 205 | if | në |
| 206 | because | përçë |
| 207 | name | embër |
Vol. II. Livadia: Exandas, 1999 PDF.